The Observatory manual

THE OBSERVATORY™

THEOBSERVATORY®

Gary J. Lassiter

LIBHTSPEED SOFTWARE

2124 KITTREDGE STREET
SUITE 185

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA
94704

(415) 540-0671

Lightspeed Software reserves the right to revise this manual
and the software described in this manual at any time and
without notice.

Lightspeed Software makes no warranties, either expressed
or implied, regarding this product, its quality, performance,
merchantability or its fitness for any particular purpose. This
product is sold “as is”. Lightspeed Software will not be liable
for direct, indirect, incidental or consequential damages as a
result of the use of this product or as a result of any defect
even if notified of the possibility of such damages. Some
states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of implied
warranties or liability for incidental or consequential
damages, so the above exclusion or limitation may not apply
to you.

This manual and the software described in this manual are
copyrighted by Lightspeed Software and the author, 1984.
All rights are reserved. The software and the manual may
not, in whole or part, be reproduced in any manner
whatsoever without prior written approval by Lightspeed
Software.

A purchase of The Observatory is actually a purchase of a
non-exclusive license to use The Observatory program.

©1988 by LIGHTSPEED SOFTWARE

Design: Marc Treib

Table of Contents

I. Introduction 2

II. Starting The Observatory 3

III. Location on Earth 4

IV. Time and Date 6

V. The Sky Map 7

VI. Cursor Moves 9

VII. Searching for Something 11

VIII. The Telescope 13

IX. Changing Things 15

X. Extra Precision 17

XI. Last, but not Least 19

Figures

1 . The Display 5

2. Moving the Sky Cursor 9

Appendices

A. Commands Listed by Keys 20

B. Commands Listed by Subjects 26

C. Four Enlightening Exercises 29

1 . The Eclipse of March 16, 1485

2. Galileo’s Sighting of Neptune

3. Watching the Precession of the Earth’s Axis

4. Searching 2004 for the Venus Transit

D. Technical Information about The Observatory 33

E. Constellation Names and Abbreviations 34

F. Celestial Atlas 35

Saving and Printing the Display 49

Greek Alphabet 48

Introduction

I know you don’t want to read the introduction, nobody
ever does. I know you don’t want to read the manual either.
You could skip it and probably get by with just Appendix A.
On the other hand, you might enjoy the manual’s guided
tour of The Observatory. It won’t take long, you only have
to do it once and forever afterwards you will get most of the
information you need by looking it up in Appendix A or B.

The Observatory is a simulation of the sky, making
astronomy as simple and as informative as a picture. It
places at your fingertips a powerful software telescope with
which you can explore an electronic celestial sphere. You can
set up this telescope anywhere on the Earth and pick any
moment of time within a range of 10,000 years. The celestial
atlas includes more than 400 stellar objects plus all the major
members of the solar system, and a few minor ones as well
(see Appendix F for the complete listing). The Observatory
will show you the constellations of tonight’s sky, the moons
of Jupiter, the position of Halley’s Comet, the Virgo Cluster
of galaxies, Venus crossing the bright disk of the Sun, and a
lot more.

Yet despite all its powerful capabilities, The Observatory is
very simple to operate. The keyboard is your control panel
and a single keystroke is usually all it takes to accomplish
what you want. Many of the keys are setup as simple
ON/OFF switches; type it once and it’s ON, press it again
and it’s OFF. Every computer program takes some getting
used to. You will find that The Observatory is both quick to
learn and easy to use.

The next section will get you started. The following sections
will lead you through all the commands and then in
Appendix C you will find a few exercises to sharpen your
skill at operating this amazing instrument.

2

Starting The Observatory

Almost every software manual begins by saying, “first boot
the system” or “boot the disc and ... ”, etc. Boot? That one
word really means:

Turn the computers power switch OFF. Put
The Observatory’s disc in Drive 1, label side
up. Push it (gently) all the way in, close the
drive’s door and turn the computer’s power
switch ON.

The Observatory will then load itself into your machine’s
memory by its own bootstraps. It takes awhile, it’s a big
program. When all the behind-the-scenes activity is finished,
The Observatory will ask you two questions, neither of
which you have to answer truthfully:

1. What is your location on the Earth?

2. What time is it?

The next two sections of this manual will tell you all about
how to answer these questions. Once The Observatory has
this information, it can calculate and draw a high-resolution
map of the sky.

Incidentally, your answers will be recorded on the disc and
the next time you “boot the system”, you will be greeted
with the same location and time. That way, if you are
particularly fond of some point in the space-time continuum,
such as your backyard, The Observatory will be there when
you boot.

Location on Earth

The Observatory will display a page entitled “Location on
Earth” which shows you the current latitude and longitude.

A simple globe or map is all you really need to determine
your latitude and longitude. It is rarely necessary to specify
these numbers to the full accuracy of degrees, minutes, and
seconds; getting within a degree or two of their correct
values is adequate for most purposes.

As you type, the cursor will move from position to position
in such a way that you will only be able to change the
numbers, North/South (N/S) and East/West (E/W). Fur-
thermore, you can only type numbers in the number
positions, only N or S at the end of latitude, and only E or
W after longitude. Numbers can be erased by pressing the
space bar. You can skip the cursor along by typing the “ 4 -” or
‘*4” key. Also you will notice that the cursor automatically
jumps to the next (or previous) line whenever it falls off the
end or beginning of the current line. You can amuse yourself
with this effect by holding down the REPEAT key and
pressing either the or ‘*4” key.

You can make mistakes any time you want. Bizarre and
meaningless locations, such as 647°W longitude, can be
entered. When the cursor jumps to the next line, or when
you press the RETURN key, The Observatory will process
your entry, make what sense it can of it, and retype the line
just as if you had not typed anything bizarre and meaning-
less. For example, 97°N latitude will be processed to 90°N.
The Observatory never issues an error message; it would
rather fix things up than complain about them.

When you are finished typing in the location, press the
RETURN key. This will write the latitude and longitude in
the lower left corner of the display (see Fig. 1). You have
now established the location of your observatory on the
earth.

Figure 1. The Display

Object

Data

Coordinate

Panel

Compass

Extra

Precision

Options

Location
on Earth

Magnification

Indicator

Atlas

Extension

Indicator

Sky Map/
Field of View

Rotation

Increment

Time

Increment

ui Time and Date

Telescope Tracking
Panel

Time and Date

The Observatory will display a page with a title of either
“Local Time” or “Universal Time”. The time on your watch
is Local Time. The time in Greenwich, England is Universal
Time. You can switch back and forth between Local and
Universal Time by typing the “=” key. The Observatory will
accept and display either time.

All astronomical calculations are done according to Univer-
sal Time. If you select Universal Time, you and The Obser-
vatory will be in agreement. If you use Local Time, The
Observatory will check your longitude and estimate Univer-
sal Time. The calculations will then proceed according to
that estimate. In most cases the estimate is accurate, but near
the edges of time zones, where political boundaries influence
the time on your watch, errors as great as one hour may
occur. If you decide to enter Local Time and are curious
about The Observatory’s estimate of Universal Time, type
the “=” key and you will see what The Observatory thinks is
the time in Greenwich.

As you type in the time and date the cursor will move to
allow you to change the numbers and letters. Type “A” for
am; “P” for pm. Midnight is 12:00:00am and noon is
12:00:00pm. Months are entered as the first three letters
(SEP for September, etc.) You have quite a selection of
years to choose from, 0 to 9999 AD in fact. If you type
“86”, that means “86 AD” not “1986”. The exact range of
time within which The Observatory operates can be found in
Appendix D.

As the cursor moves along your entries are processed and,
since The Observatory issues no error messages, what you
typed will either be figured out or ignored. For example, try
entering “XXX” for the month.

If you are entering Local Time you have the option of speci-
fying Daylight Saving Time which is usually in effect during
the summer.

When you are finished, press the RETURN key. The time
and date will be displayed in the lower left corner of the
screen (see Fig. 1) with UT, LT, or DT signifying Universal,
Local or Daylight Saving Time.

The Sky Map

The Observatory must carry out an enormous number of
calculations before drawing a map of the sky as it is seen
from the location you have specified and for the time you
have selected. Consult Appendix D for a brief discussion on
calculation speed.

When the calculations are in progress, a graph will appear in
the upper left corner of the display. The ever-shrinking indi-
cator shows you an estimate of the percent of calculations
remaining to be executed. What it really tells you is that
your computer is still alive and working like crazy. When the
indicator shrinks to zero, the graph will vanish and the sky
map will appear.

On the sky map will be plotted the locations of hundreds of
celestial objects. Each of these will appear as a single dot of
light. The Observatory’s sky map duplicates other maps pub-
lished in astronomy books and magazines. The center of the
map is the zenith, the point directly above you. The edge of
the map is the horizon running all around. North, south, east
and west can be read from the compass located to the left of
the sky map (see Fig. 1). The compass needle always points
toward north at 0°, east is at 90°, south is at 180°, and west
is at 270°.

Press the “C” key (Constellation lines). The Observatory will
draw lines connecting the stars making up the constellations.
If there are any stray dots of light left, they are usually solar
system objects. Turning on the constellation lines is an excel-
lent way to separate the stars from other objects plotted by
The Observatory. Now press the “C” key again. The lines
will disappear and you are back to a sky full of stars.

Press the “A” key (Atlas Extension). The calculation graph
will reappear in the upper left corner and a small galaxy sym-
bol will appear in the upper right corner. The Observatory is
now determining the positions of more than a hundred extra
objects including star clusters, dust clouds, galaxies, even a
quasar. Most of these extra objects are from the famous
Messier Catalogue (see Appendix F). When the calculations
are finished, more bright points will be plotted on the sky
map marking the locations of these distant objects. Press the
“A” key again and they will be removed from the map.

Again type the “A” key and they will reappear without the
calculation process. Once calculations have been executed
for a specific time and location, they do not have to be
repeated unless you change either the time or the location.

The flashing sky cursor cannot have escaped your attention.
There are a lot of things you can do with that little cursor.
Check the next section to find out.

Cursor Moves

The Observatory will not respond to anything you type
unless a cursor is visible on the display. During calculations,
for example, the cursor is nowhere to be seen and any com-
mand you type will be ignored. The one exception to this
rule is during the Search function described in the next
section.

By the way, if you can’t stand things that constantly blink,
you can steady the cursor by typing the key. To start it
blinking again, type V’ again.

The sky cursor is an X with the central dot missing. Type the
“I” key and the sky cursor will move up one position. Press
“M” and it moves down. The “J” and “K” keys move it left
and right. To move the sky cursor in diagonal directions,
press “U”, “O”, “N”, or If you hold down the REPEAT
key while pressing any one of these keys, the cursor will
move smoothly across the sky in the chosen direction. Figure
2 summarizes the keys which move the sky cursor.

*

i

%

u

*

o

J

K +

*

N

M

>1

Figure 2. Moving the Sky Cursor

Q Center (exactly) a star in the sky cursor. Now press the “Q”

key (Question). In the upper left comer of the display will
appear the name of the object, including its common name if
it has one. The distance to the object, if it is known, will be
listed along with its visual magnitude, if known. For stars
and other objects which lie beyond the solar system, the dis-
tance will be given in light-years (ly). There are almost 6
trillion miles in one light-year. If the object is within the solar
system, the distance will be given in astronomical units
(AU). One astronomical unit is the distance from the Earth
to the Sun, about 93 million miles. Finally, the coordinate
panel, which is located between all this data and the com-
pass (see Fig. 1), will display the object’s astronomical posi-
tion in Right Ascension (a) and Declination (5).

CTRL Q Now hold down the CONTROL (CTRL) key and at the

same time press the “Q” key again. You get almost the same
information. The one difference is in the coordinate panel,
which now displays the object’s Altitude (h) above the
horizon and its Azimuth (A), or compass heading.

Move the sky cursor so that nothing is centered in the X and
press either “Q” or “CTRL Q”. The coordinate panel will tell
you the Right Ascension, Declination or the Altitude,
Azimuth of that point on the celestial sphere.

You probably are not thrilled with the prospect of having to
move the sky cursor around amongst hundreds of tiny bright
dots searching for the one you really want to see. The next
section will tell you how to get the computer to search for
you.

10

Searching for Something

At anytime you can ask The Observatory to show you the
location of a celestial object. To start this process, press the
“S” key (Search). The Observatory will then display a page
entitled “Search”. On the page you will see an alphabetical
list of all the objects The Observatory knows about. Actually
there are two such lists, one with and one without the
objects in the Atlas Extension (see the “A” command,
Appendix A). By pressing the appropriate numbers you can
select from the list the object you wish to see. If the number
you type has a name associated with it, The Observatory
will search for that object. If the number you press has a
blank next to it, The Observatory will show you a new,
more refined alphabetical list beginning with the name above
the number you pressed and ending with the name below the
number you typed.

For example, suppose you wanted to see the bright, nearby
star Procyon. When you press “S” (Search), you will be
presented with a list like the following:

7. 41ARI

2.

3. Beta TRA

4.

5. Gamma CAS

6.

7. Omicron PER

8.

9. Zosma

Stars are listed by both their common names, such as Pro-
cyon, and by their official designations, such as Alpha CMI,
where CMI is the abbreviation for the star’s constellation:
Canis Minor. Consult Appendix E for the list of constellation
names and abbreviations. A few stars are listed by catalogue
designations (41 ARI, SAO 119234, etc.). Stars whose
names begin with catalogue numbers will appear at the
beginning of the alphabetical list.

Since Procyon is alphabetically between Omicron PER and
Zosma, you would next press “8” and a new list would
appear such as:

1. Omicron PER

2 .

3. RhoPER

4.

5. Theta A QL

6 .

7. Xi GEM

8 .

9. Zosma

If you are like me and cannot spell, you may soon find
yourself wandering down the wrong path. Press any key
other than a meaningful number and you will cancel the
Search and can then start over. Continue typing the
appropriate numbers until you see Procyon. Press its number
and one of two things will happen:

(a) If Procyon is present in the current field
of view, The Observatory will center the cur-
sor on it and display the star's data in the
upper left comer.

(b) If Procyon is not visible in the current
field of view, The Observatory will tell you so
in the upper left comer.

CTRL S You can force The Observatory to show you any object,

including any which it says are not in view. You can do this
by pressing “CTRL S” (Force Search). Again you will see a
page with an alphabetical list on it, only this one will be
labeled “Force Search”. Whatever you select from this list
will be shown to you. The Observatory will now go to any
lengths to bring what you want into view. It may cancel tele-
scope pointing and the current magnification (described in
the next section). It may change the time and recalculate the
sky map. And, as a last resort, it may even change your lati-
tude. In any event, Force Search never fails.

12

The Telescope

When you look at The Observatory’s sky map, you are in
fact looking through a telescope; it just happens to be
pointed straight up and has a terrific field of view. Press the
“Z” key (Zoom). The magnification indicator in the upper
right corner will change from lx to 2x. You have just magni-
fied the portion of the sky above your head by a factor of
two. Continue typing the “Z” key. You can magnify the
scene in steps of 2 all the way up to 512x, in the process you
will probably blow every visible star right off the edge of the
screen. To de-magnify the image press the “X” key.

By now you are aware that any telescope which only points
straight up is pretty useless. Bring the magnification down to
lx and move the cursor all the way over to the right or left
of the sky map. Press the “P” key (Point). You have just
pointed the telescope! It is now centered on the cursor at the
edge of the sky map. Since the field of view is so wide at lx,
you can see the sharp curve of the horizon line. At lx the
view through the telescope is similar to looking through a
fish-eye lens.

However, you expect the horizon to be flat at your feet, or
horizontal. Type the “L” key (Left Rotate) and the entire
field of view will rotate to the left (counterclockwise). Press
the “R” key (Right Rotate) and the rotation will take place
to the right (clockwise). Each time you type “L” or “R” the
field of view will rotate by the number of degrees specified
in the Rotation Increment in the lower right corner (see
Fig. 1).

In the next section you will learn how to alter the Rotation
Increment to a value more to your liking. But for now try
using the P (Point), L, R (Left, Right Rotate), Z (Zoom), and
X (De-magnify) keys to get a scene where the horizon is
horizontal. You will notice that the compass will change to
reflect each rotation and, as you type the “Z” key, the
horizon will gradually straighten out. You may also discover
that the telescope will not swivel below the horizon. You are
not allowed to bash the telescope into the floor of The
Observatory.

At any time and at any level of magnification you can re-
point the telescope by moving the cursor to the region of

interest and typing “P”. If some object should drift away
from the center of view as you magnify, just move the cursor
over to the object and re-point the telescope.

CTRL C You can quickly return to the original, unmagnified, unro-
tated sky map by simply holding down the CONTROL
(CTRL) key and pressing “C” (Re-Center).

In the next section you will learn some easy ways to change
the time, among other things. As time changes, the sky
changes. Stars rise in the east, drift across the sky and disap-
pear below the western horizon. Through all this the tele-
scope will remain stupidly pointed in the same direction. If
you magnify some interesting region of the sky and then
decide to change the time, the objects you are looking at
may move out of your field of view. You will have to find
them again, usually by de-magnifying the scene and re-
pointing the telescope.

CTRL P If, however, you point the telescope with a “CTRL P”, you
will also turn on Tracking. The word “TRACK” will appear
vertically in the panel between the compass and the sky
map/field of view (see Fig. 1). Pointing the telescope using
just the “P” key will turn off Tracking. With Tracking turned
on the telescope will follow a point on the celestial sphere as
you change the time. Tracking does not follow objects. The
moon, for example, travels at a different speed than the celes-
tial sphere and can move out of your field of view even with
Tracking on. Also, if you change the time such that the point
you are following ends up below the horizon, Tracking will
automatically be canceled. See Appendix C for a nice exam-
ple of using Tracking to follow the different stages of an
eclipse.

14

Changing Things

T

D

E

@

F

B

CTRL B
CTRL F
CTRLD
CTRL T

CTRL L
CTRL R

As you discovered in the beginning of this manual, The
Observatory only needs to know two things to calculate the
map of the sky — your location and the time. There are sev-
eral ways to change either or both of these.

To alter the time, press the “T” key (Time). The page titled
either “Local Time” or “Universal Time” will then be dis-
played. The cursor will be positioned under the current time,
although you can of course move it to alter the date also. If
you press the “D” key (Date), you will be given the same
page with the cursor under the date.

To change your location, type the “E” key (Earth). The page
entitled “Location on Earth” will appear and you can then
enter any latitude and longitude you like.

If you wish to change both your location and the time, press
the “@” key. This will cause The Observatory to ask you in
succession your location and the time, just as it did when
you started the program.

In the lower left corner of the display, beneath longitude and
above the time and date, you will notice a strange number
which in Figure 1 is labeled “Time Increment”. When you
start The Observatory it looks like: ±01:00:00. It means:
plus/minus 1 hour, 0 minutes, 0 seconds. If you press the
“F” key (Forward), the Time Increment will be added to the
current time and the sky will be recalculated for the new
time. With one keystroke you will have jumped forward in
time. If you type the “B” key (Backward), the Time Incre-
ment will be subtracted from the current time and, after the
recalculation, you will have jumped backward in time.

By holding down the CONTROL (CTRL) key and pressing
the “B”, “F”, “D”, or “T” key, The Observatory will display
a page titled “Increments” and the cursor will be positioned
for changing the Time Increment. The other increment on
the page, the Rotation Increment, can also be changed if you
like. If you had pressed “CTRL L” or “CTRL R” you would
have gotten the Increments page with the cursor positioned
for changing the current Rotation Increment. You can enter
any numbers you like for both increments, but The
Observatory will process you entries so that they make sense.

15

For example, a Rotation Increment of 987° will be processed
to 180°. A Time Increment of 99 seconds will become 1
minute, 39 seconds (±00:01:39). When you press the
RETURN key, the Time Increment will be written in the
lower left comer and the Rotation Increment will appear
between the two big arrows in the lower right corner (see
Fig. 1). The page will disappear, replaced by the sky.

If you bring any of these pages onto the display but do not
change anything, when you press the RETURN key the page
will be erased and you will be back with the unaltered image
of the sky.

Extra Precision

The Observatory gives you three separate calculations for
increasing the accuracy of the sky map:

1. Parallax

The first time you press the “1” key the word “Parallax” will
appear below the compass in the list of extra-precision
options (see Fig. 1) and The Observatory will execute a ser-
ies of calculations to account for geocentric parallax. If you
press the “1” key again, a calculation will take place to
remove the effect of the parallax.

Astronomical calculations usually are conducted with the
assumption that you, the observer, are located at the center
of the earth. Geocentric parallax corrects for the fact that
you are at some latitude on the earth’s surface almost 4,000
miles from the center. For such distant objects as stars and
galaxies, that 4,000 mile difference is insignificant. But for
objects close to the earth, especially the moon, it is impor-
tant. The “1” key applies only to the handful of solar system
objects and only takes a few seconds. See Appendix C for an
example of the effect of geocentric parallax when viewing an
eclipse.

2. Precession

If you press the “2” key the word “Precession” will appear
in the list of extra-precision options (see Fig. 1) and The
Observatory will execute a lengthy calculation to account for
the slow precession of the earth’s axis. If you type the “2”
key again, a calculation will take place to remove the effect
of precession.

The positions of the stars change as the axis of the earth
slowly wobbles or precesses. All of the stars and other dis-
tant objects in The Observatory’s celestial atlas (see Appen-
dix F) have positions accurate for 12am January 1, 2000.
The “2” key will correct these positions for the exact time
and date you have selected. See Appendix C for an exercise
in watching the precession of the axis over the 10,000 year
range of The Observatory.

3. Perturbations

3 If you press the “3” key the word “Perturbations” will

appear in the list of extra-precision options (see Fig. 1) and
The Observatory will execute a series of calculations to
account for many of the principal planetary perturbations. If
you press the “3” key again, you will set off a calculation to
remove the effect of the perturbations.

The planets circle the sun in a very complex dance. They are
continually pushing and pulling each other around with their
gravitational fields, especially the giant outer plants; Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Their simple elliptical orbits
are thereby somewhat perturbed. The “3” key adds several
seconds to the time it takes to calculate the positions of the
objects in the solar system, but you can often see an obvious
effect on the outer big four. Less of an effect is apparent on
the inner planets and no perturbations are done for Pluto
and Halley’s Comet. These two objects travel through such a
complex gravitational environment that to keep track of all
the deviations from purely elliptical motion would make the
computer intolerably slow. See Appendix C (Galileo’s Sight-
ing of Neptune) for an example of the importance of account-
ing for the perturbations.

For your convenience you can turn on all of the extra-
precision calculations (1, 2, and 3) all at once by pressing the

9 “9” key. Also you can turn them off all at once by typing the

0 “0” (zero) key.

18

(

CTRL M

CTRL Y

Last, but not Least

To make it easier to see the full extent of the moon, particu-
larly a new or eclipsing moon, it is drawn with an outline.
For a more realistic view of the moon, you can eliminate the
outline by typing the “(” key. Pressing it again will bring the
outline back.

Some telescopes give you a mirror image of the sky with left
and right switched. You can duplicate this effect with The
Observatory by holding down the CONTROL (CTRL) key
and pressing the “M” key (Mirror Image). Everything in the
field of view will flip left Jo right. Pressing “CTRL M” again
will flip the scene back. The compass will of course follow
all these maneuvers. Also, pressing the RETURN key does
the same thing as “CTRL M” since both send the same sig-
nal to the computer.

Finally, there will come a time when you will want to quit,
stop, halt, exit, finish. You have two choices. Press “CTRL
Y” or remove the disc and turn the power OFF.

From now on you will probably only need to consult
Appendix A and Appendix B to refresh your memory of the
keyboard commands. For some specific demonstrations of
the power of The Observatory, you might consider Appen-
dix C. Not only will you see some astronomy, you will also
improve what you have already learned about operating The
Observatory.

19

Commands Listed by Keys

Appendix A

Key Command

Stroke Page

A Atlas Extension ON /OFF

The first time you press the “A” key, The Observatory will
calculate and plot the positions of the more than 100 extra
celestial objects listed in the Atlas Extension in Appendix F.

If you type the “A” key a second time the extra objects will
be removed from the display. Once the calculations have
been done for a particular time and location, they do not
have to be repeated. Therefore further typing of the “A” key
brings the extra objects rapidly on and off the display. When
the Atlas Extension is on, a small galaxy symbol will appear
in the upper right hand comer of the display (see Fig. 1).

With the Extension turned on, calculations of the sky map
(as happens when you alter the time, for example) take
longer. With the Extension turned off, the sky map is a more
realistic view of what you would see with the un-aided eye
since most of the objects in the Atlas Extension are too faint
to be seen without a small telescope. For that reason the
Atlas Extension might better be called the Amateur
Astronomer’s Menagerie. 7

B Back in Time

Each time you press the “B” key, the Time Increment
(displayed in the lower left corner, see Fig. 1) will be sub-
tracted from the current time and date and a new map of the
sky will be calculated. To change the Time Increment, see
CTRL B. 15

C Constellation Lines ON/ OFF

The first time you press the “C” key, The Observatory will
draw lines connecting the stars making up the different con-
stellations. Pressing the “C” key again will erase the lines.
Turning on the constellation lines makes it easier to pick out
the objects of the solar system. 7

D Change the Date

Pressing the “D” key drops you in the page labeled “Local
Time” or “Universal Time” with the cursor positioned for
changing the date. 15

20

E

Change the Location on Earth

Pressing the “E” key drops you in the page labeled “Loca-
tion on Earth” where you can change your latitude and
longitude. 15

F

Forward in Time

Each time you press the “F” key, the Time Increment
(displayed in the lower left corner, see Fig. 1) is added to the
current time and date and a new map of the sky is calcu-
lated. To change the value of the Time Increment, see
CTRL F. 75

I

Cursor Up

Pressing the “I” key will move the sky cursor up. Holding
down the REPEAT key and pressing “I” will move the cur-
sor smoothly upward. 9

J

Cursor Left

Pressing the “J” key will move the sky cursor to the

left. 9

K

Cursor Right

Pressing the “K” key will move the sky cursor right. 9

L

Left Rotate

Each time you press the “L” key the current sky map/field
of view will be rotated to the left (counterclockwise) by the
number of degrees specified by the Rotation Increment dis-
played in the lower right comer (see Fig. 1). To change the
value of the Rotation Increment, see CTRL L. 13

M

Cursor Down

Pressing the “M” key will move the sky cursor down. If you
press the REPEAT key at the same time, it will move
smoothly downward. 9

N

Cursor Down and Left

Pressing the “N” key will move the sky cursor diagonally
down and to the left. 9

21

Key

Stroke

Command

Page

O

Cursor Up and Right

Pressing the “O” key will move the sky cursor diagonally up
and to the right. 9

P

Point Telescope/Tracking OFF

Pressing the “P” key will point the telescope at (centered on)
the current position of the cursor. The “P” key also turns off
Tracking so that if you alter the current time the telescope
will remain blindly pointing in the same direction. See
CTRL P for turning on Tracking. 13

Q

Question the Cursor

Pressing the “Q” key will cause The Observatory to report
on the current position of the sky cursor. If the cursor is not
centered on or within any object, the Right Ascension (a)
and Declination (6) of the cursor will appear in the coordi-
nate panel above the compass (see Fig. 1). If, however, the
cursor is centered on or within some object, The Observa-
tory will also list in the upper left corner any data on the
object in question, such as its name or names, distance,
and/or magnitude. See also CTRL Q. 10

R

Right Rotate

Each time you press the “R” key the current sky map/field
of view will be rotated to the right (clockwise) by the
number of degrees specified by the Rotation Increment dis-
played in the lower right comer (see Fig. 1). To change the
Rotation Increment, see CTRL R. 13

S

Search

If you want The Observatory to show you where the object
of your desires is, press the “S” key. You will be presented
with the Search page. By pressing the appropriate number or
numbers, you can select from the alphabetical list the name
of the object you wish to be shown. If the object you are
searching for is not currently in the field of view, The
Observatory will so inform you. For a more powerful, sure-
fire search, see CTRL S. 11

22

T Change the Time

Pressing the “T” key drops you in the page labeled “Local
Time” or “Universal Time” with the cursor positioned for
changing the time. 75

U Cursor Up and Left

Pressing the “U” key will move the sky cursor diagonally up
and to the left. 9

X De-Magnify

Each time you press the “X” key the current field of view
will be de-magnified by 2x until 1 x is reached. 13

Z Zoom (Magnify)

Each time you press the “Z” key the current field of view
will be magnified by 2x until 512x is reached. Use “P” or
“CTRL P” to properly center the telescope during
magnification. 13

0 All Extra-Precision OFF

Pressing the “0” (zero) key turns off the extra-precision
switches, 1, 2, and 3 all at once. See also “9”. 18

1 Geocentric Parallax ON/ OFF

The first time you press the “1” key, The Observatory will
execute a series of calculations to account for geocentric
parallax. If you type the “1” key again, a calculation will
take place to remove the effect of the parallax. 1 7

2 Precession ON/OFF

The first time you press the “2” key, The Observatory will
execute a lengthy calculation to account for the slow preces-
sion of the earth’s axis. If you type the “2” key again, a
calculation will be done to remove the effect of
precession. 1 7

3 Perturbations ON/OFF

The first time you type the “3” key, The Observatory will
execute a series of calculations to account for many of the
principal planetary perturbations. If you press the “3” key
again, a calculation will take place to remove the effect of
the perturbations. 18

23

Key

Stroke

Command

Page

9

All Extra-Precision ON

Pressing the “9” key turns on the extra-precision switches 1,
2, and 3 all at once. See also “0” (zero). 18

>

Cursor Down and Right

Pressing the “,” key will move the sky cursor diagonally
down and to the right. 9

*

Blink Cursor ON/OFF

Pressing the key will change the cursor from blink to

non-blink or vice versa. 9

(

Moon Outline ON/OFF

Pressing the “(” key will turn on (or off) the outline of the
moon. Turning the outline off creates a graphically more
accurate picture of the moon. Turning the outline on makes
it easier to see the full extent of the moon, particularly if the
moon is new. 19

@

Change Location and Time/Data

Pressing the “@” key will cause The Observatory to display
for changing both the “Location on Earth” page followed by
the “Local/Universal Time” page. 75

Switch Time

Pressing the “=” key will change the displayed time from
Local/Daylight Saving Time to Universal Time or vice
versa. 6

4 -

Page Cursor Left

Pressing the “4»” key moves the cursor on any of the change
pages (Location, Time, or Increments) to the left. 4

Page Cursor Right

Pressing the key moves the cursor on any of the change

pages (Location, Time, or Increments) to the right. 4

CTRL B

Change the Time Increment

Pressing the “CTRL B” keys drops you in the Increments
page with the cursor positioned for changing the Time
Increment. 15

24

CTRL C Re-Center Display

Pressing the “CTRL C” keys causes The Observatory to
return to the sky map with no magnification, tracking
turned off, mirror image and any rotation canceled. 14

CTRL D same as CTRL B

CTRL F same as CTRL B

CTRL L Change the Rotation Increment

Pressing the “CTRL L” keys drops you in the Increments
page with the cursor positioned for changing the Rotation
Increment. 15

CTRL M Mirror Image

Every time you press the “CTRL M” (or RETURN) keys,
the sky display and the compass will flip left to right. This
allows you to duplicate the view through a telescope which
optically flips the image. 19

CTRL P Point Telescope /Tracking ON

Pressing the “CTRL P” keys does the same thing as typing
“P” except that Tracking is turned on. With Tracking on, the
telescope will follow a point on the celestial sphere as the
time is changed. 14

CTRL Q Question Cursor

Pressing the “CTRL Q” keys does the same as typing “Q”
except that the coordinates displayed will be Altitude (h) and
Azimuth (A). 10

CTRL R same as CTRL L 15

CTRL S Force Search

Pressing the “CTRL S” keys does the same as typing “S”
except that Force Search will display the object you want no
matter what. If necessary, Force Search will cancel the mag-
nification, and/or change the time, and/or alter the latitude
to bring the object into view. Since the Time and Location
may be changed, a recalculation of the sky map may take
place. 12

CTRL T same as CTRL B 15

CTRL Y Exit The Observatory

Pressing the “CTRL Y” keys will end the observing
session. 19

25

Commands Listed by Subjects Appendix B

Command

Key

Page

Atlas Extension ON/OFF

A

7

Back in Time

B

15

Blink Cursor ON/OFF

*

9

Center Display

CTRL C

14

Change Increments

CTRL B,

CTRL D,
CTRL F,
CTRL L,
CTRL R, or
CTRL T

15

Change Location

E

15

Change Location AND
Time/Date

@

15

Change Time/Date

TorD

15

Constellation Lines
ON/OFF

C

7

Cursor Blink ON/OFF

*

9

Cursor Down

M

9

Cursor Down and Left

N

9

Cursor Down and Right

*

9

Cursor Left

J

9

Cursor Question

Q and

CTRLQ

10

Cursor Right

K

9

Cursor Up

I

9

Cursor Up and Left

U

9

Cursor Up and Right

O

9

Date Change

D

15

De-Magnify

X

13

Edit Location

E

15

Edit Location AND
Time/Date

@

15

Edit Rotation Increment

CTRL L or

CTRL R

15

Edit Time and Date

TorD

15

26

Edit Time Increment
Exit

Extra-Precision OFF
Extra-Precision ON

CTRL B,
CTRLD,
CTRL F, or
CTRL T
CTRLY
0 (zero)

9

15

19

18

18

Finish

CTRLY

19

Force Search

CTRLS

12

Forward in Time

F

15

Halt

CTRLY

19

Increments Change

CTRL B,

CTRL D,
CTRL F,
CTRL L,
CTRL R, or
CTRL T

15

Left Cursor

J

9

Left Rotate

L

13

Local Time/Universal
Time Switch

—

6

Location Change

E

15

Magnify/De-Magnify

Z/X

13

Mirror Image

CTRL M or

RETURN

19

Moon Outline ON/OFF

(

19

ON/OFF 1, 2, and 3

9 (ON)

0 (OFF)

18

ON/OFF Atlas Extension

A

7

ON/OFF Blink Cursor

*

9

ON/OFF Constellation Lines

C

7

ON/OFF Moon Outline

(

19

ON/OFF Parallax

1

17

ON/OFF Perturbations

3

18

ON/OFF Precession

2

17

27

Command

Key

Page

ON/OFF Telescope Tracking

CTRL P (ON)

P (OFF)

14/13

Parallax ON/OFF

1

17

Perturbations ON/OFF

3

18

Point Telescope,
Tracking OFF

P

13

Point Telescope,
Tracking ON

CTRL P

14

Precession ON/OFF

2

17

Question Cursor

Q and

CTRLQ

10

Quit

CTRLY

19

Re-Center Display

CTRL C

14

Right Cursor

K

9

Right Rotate

R

13

Rotate Left

L

13

Rotation Increment Change

CTRL L or

CTRL R

15

Search/Force Search

S/CTRL S

11/12

Stop

CTRLY

19

Time Change

T

15

Time Increment Change

CTRL B,

CTRL D,
CTRL F, or
CTRLT

15

Time Switch

=

6

Tracking OFF

P

13

Tracking ON

CTRL P

14

Universal Time/Local
Time Switch

ZZ

6

Zoom (Magnify)

z

13

28

Four Enlightening Exercises

Appendix C

The following exercises are designed to demonstrate some of
the capabilities of The Observatory as well as increase your
skill at operating this unique astronomical instrument.

1. The Eclipse of March 16, 1485

The Observatory can simulate both total and annular solar
eclipses. For example, a total eclipse of the sun was visible in
Austria on March 16, 1485. If you do not have The
Observatory running, start it up (boot it) as described at the
beginning of this manual. If, however, it is currently running,
just type the “<§>” key. On the Location page enter the
coordinates of Vienna, Austria (48°N, 16°E). On the Time
page get into Local Time if you are not there already (the
“=” key) and enter: 4:55:00pm 16MAR1485, no Daylight
Saving.

After the calculations you will be in Old Vienna with
something strange happening to the sun. Press “S” (Search)
and type the appropriate numbers to select the sun from the
alphabetical list. The cursor will reveal it near the western
horizon. Press “P” (Point) and then press “R” (Right Rotate)
a few times to turn the map so that the earth is below and
the sky is above. Now type “Z” (Zoom) several times to
magnify the scene. As you do so you will soon see (around
8x) the disks of the sun and the new moon. Continue
magnifying up to about 64x. Then press the “1” key to
correct the scene for geocentric parallax. For greater realism
you can remove the lunar outline by typing “(’’• If you
would like to see different stages of the eclipse, set the Time
Increment (CTRL T) to something like 15 minutes, turn on
Tracking (CTRL P) and type “F” or “B” to go forward or
backward in time. If you like, turn the outline of the moon
back on (the “(” key).

Since you are now so good at doing eclipses, press the
key, set yourself up off the coast of Africa (2°N, 7°W) and
bring into view the annular eclipse of 12:25pm Dec. 4, 1983
LT. During an annular eclipse the moon is relatively smaller
than the sun and you will see a ring of fire in the sky.

2. Galileo’s Sighting of Neptune

In the winter of 1612/1613 Galileo Galilei was making
detailed observations of the moons of Jupiter. On the night
of Jan. 28, 1613 he recorded in his notebook the positions of
Jupiter, its moons Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, a faint
star we now refer to affectionately as SAO 1 19234, and
another faint “star” now known to have been the planet
Neptune. The positions drawn by Galileo are in disagree-
ment with our knowledge of the solar system’s complex
gravitational dynamics. Modern calculations do not duplicate
exactly what Galileo saw. This disagreement adds support to
the speculation that our knowledge is incomplete (not a bad
speculation) and that perhaps an undiscovered planet is
perturbing Neptune. You can see The Observatory’s
simulation of this historic sighting by executing the following
commands:

(a) Change your location and time (type the
“@” key) to northern Italy (44°N, 11°E) at
11pm on 28JAN1613 LT.

(b) Search for Jupiter (type “S”, etc.).

(c) Point the telescope and zoom in to 256x
(“P” and “Z").

(d) Turn on Precession (type “2”) to bring
SAO 119234 into view.

(e) Turn on Perturbations (type “3”) to bring
Jupiter and Neptune into alignment.

For more details about this remarkable event, read the article
“Galileo’s Sighting of Neptune” by Drake and Kowal,
Scientific American, December, 1980.

30

3. Watching the Precession of the Earth’s Axis

The earth is not quite a perfect sphere. It has a slight
equatorial bulge. The moon and the sun exert a force on that
small imperfection and thereby cause the spinning earth to
wobble or precess. The precession is very slow; taking almost
26,000 years for the earth’s axis to draw a complete circle
against the background of fixed stars. The Observatory can
show you a 10,000 year segment of that circle.

Set your location to the North Pole (90°N, the longitude can
be anything) and set the time to 12pm Jan. 1, 0000. Do not
move the cursor away from the center of the map since it
marks the point at which the north axis of the earth
intersects the celestial sphere. The cursor will in effect mark
points along the circular path of the precession.

Set the Time Increment to 1,000 years (999y365d) and turn
on Precession (the “2” key). When the calculation finishes
you will be on the North Pole in the year 0 A.D. The cursor
will mark a point between the Big and Little Dippers about
which the earth/sky revolve. Now press “F” and increment
forward in time. Continue jumping forward in 1,000 year
increments. The center of the sky map, marked by the
cursor, will show you points along the arc of the earth’s
precession, including the star Polaris in our time.

31

4. Searching 2004 for the Venus Transit

On rare occasions the planet Venus can be seen crossing the
disk of the sun. The next such transit will take place
sometime in the year 2004. Your task is to show it
happening.

When Venus crosses the solar disk it will be passing between
the earth and sun, an alignment known as inferior
conjunction. The method of the search is to check different
dates during the year for a time when Venus is both near to
the earth in distance (a small AU) and close to the sun in the
sky. Then the search can be repeated within a smaller
interval for the exact time of the transit.

To start your search establish yourself near the equator and
set the time to 12pm on Jan. 1, 2004. After the calculations
search for the sun and Venus. Check how close they are to
each other as well as the distance to Venus. Now set the
Time Increment (CTRL T) to 30 days and go forward in
time (press “F”). Watch how the sun and Venus change
positions and note the distance to Venus. Go forward another
30 days. Not only are you watching Venus swing in its orbit
about the sun, you are also watching the seasons change as
the sun moves.

Eventually you will find a time when Venus is closest to the
sun in the sky and closest to the earth in distance. Now
change the Time Increment to a much smaller interval, say 2
days, and go either forward or backward in time, searching
for that day when Venus crosses the solar disk. To witness
the event you will have to narrow the time down to an
interval of a few hours, and you may have to change your
longitude. At high magnification you can actually see the
black disk of Venus against the illuminated face of the sun.
Using telescope tracking and a short Time Increment, you
can watch the entire transit from beginning to end.

Other up and coming transits are due in 2012 and 2247. The
last four Venus transits occurred in the years 1761, 1769,

1874 and 1882. Finally, transits by Mercury occur much
more frequently, eleven this century, with one visible from
Europe in 1986.

32

Technical Information about Appendix D
The Observatory

Memory Usage:
Program Language:
Time Range (UT):

64K RAM

Machine Instruction Set

12:00:00 Jan. 1,0000 A.D.
to

10:59:59 Dec. 31, 9999 A.D.

Location Range: Any Latitude and Longitude

specified to 1 second of arc.

Magnification: 9 levels from lx to 51 2x in steps

of 2x. (The Observatory’s 32x is
about the same as human
perception.)

Calculation Speed: Bottled up in the computer’s hardware is
the genie of speed. Software written in “higher level” lan-
guages such as BASIC and PASCAL can waste significant
amounts of time as a result of various internal compromises.
The Observatory makes no compromises when it comes to
calculation speed. From its very conception the software has
been designed and written to be the fastest astronomical
calculator in the business. It is written in machine language,
it sacrifices enormous amounts of memory to win more
speed, it has its own specially designed arithmetic and its
own custom tailored mathematical functions. As a result The
Observatory executes an extraordinary number of equations
very efficiently. Undoubtedly no one will be satisfied with
this. After all, we are not even satisfied with the speed limit
imposed by God on the entire universe. Nevertheless, like the
speed of light, The Observatory succeeds in running at the
speed limit imposed by the hardware on the electronic
universe of your computer.

33

Constellation Names and Abbreviations Appendix E

AND Andromeda

AQR Aquarius (Water Bearer)

AQL Aquila (Eagle)

ARI Aries (Ram)

AUR Auriga (Charioteer)

BOO Bootes (Herdsman)

CMA Canis Major (Big Dog)
CMI Canis Minor (Little Dog)
CAR Carina (Ship’s Keel)

CAS Cassiopeia
CEN Centaurus (Centaur)

CEP Cepheus
CET Cetus (Whale)

CRU Crux (Southern Cross)
CYG Cygnus (Swan)

ERI Eridanus (River Eridanus)
GEM Gemini (Twins)

GRU Grus (Crane)

HER Hercules

HYA Hydra (Water Snake)

HYI Hydrus (Water Snake)
IND Indus (Indian)

LEO Leo (Lion)

LIB Libra (Scales)

LYR Lyra (Harp)

OCT Octans (Octant)

ORI Orion
PEG Pegasus
PER Perseus
PHE Phoenix
PSA Piscis Austrinus
(Southern Fish)

SGR Sagittarius (Archer)
SCO Scorpius (Scorpion)
TAU Taurus (Bull)

TRA Triangulum Australe
(Southern Triangle)
UMA Ursa Major (Big Bear)
UMI Ursa Minor (Little Bear)
VEL Vela (Ship’s Sails)

VIR Virgo (Virgin)

34

Orbital

Period

(years)

Semimajor

Axis

(AU)

Orbital

Eccentricity

Orbital

Inclination

(degrees)

Diameter

(km)

Surface

Gravity

(Earth=l)

The Sun

—

—

—

—

1,392,000

27.9

Mercury

0.24084

0.3871

0.2056

7.01

4,878

0.38

Venus

0.61515

0.7233

0.0068

3.39

12,104

0.89

Mars

1.8808

1.5237

0.0934

1.85

6,794

0.38

Jupiter

11.862

5.2028

0.0483

1.31

142,796

2.54

Saturn

29.456

9.5388

0.0560

2.49

120,000

1.07

Uranus

84.07

19.1914

0.0461

0.81

52,290

0.8

Neptune

164.81

30.0611

0.0100

1.77

48,600

1.2

Pluto

248.53

39.5294

0.2484

17.15

3,000-3,600

?

Halley’s Comet

76.0081

17.9435

0.9673

162.24

?

?

The Moon

27d 7h 43m

384,500 km

0.055

18-29

3,476

0.17

Io

Id 18h 28m

422,000 km

0.000

0

3,632

0.19

Europa

3d 13h 14m

671,000 km

0.000

0.5

3,126

0.15

Ganymede

7d 3h 43m

1,070,000 km

0.001

0.2

5,276

0.17

Callisto

16d 16h 32m

1,885,000 km

0.01

0.2

4,820

0.13

Celestial Adas Appendix F

I. Solar System Atlas

II. Star Atlas (2000.0) Appendix F

Name

h

m

s

O

t

n

Mag

a

AND

0

8

23.2

29

5

26

N

2.06

a

CAS

0

9

10.6

59

8

59

N

2.27

e

PHE

0

9

24.6

45

44

51

S

3.88

y

PEG

0

13

14.1

15

11

1

N

2.83

L

CET

0

19

25.6

8

49

26

S

3.56

P

HYI

0

25

45.3

77

15

16

S

2.80

a

PHE

0

26

17.0

42

18

22

s

2.39

a

CAS

0

40

30.4

56

32

15

N

2.23

V

PHE

0

43

21.2

57

27

47

s

4.36

P_

CET

0

43

35.3

17

59

12

s

2.04

y

CAS

0

56

42.4

60

43

0

N

2.47

P

PHE

1

6

5.0

46

43

8

s

3.31

{

PHE

1

8

23.0

55

14

45

s

3.92

V

CET

1

8

35.3

10

10

56

s

3.45

d

CET

1

24

1.3

8

11

1

s

3.60

8

CAS

1

25

48.9

60

14

7

N

2.68

y

PHE

1

28

21.9

43

19

6

s

3.41

8

PHE

1

31

15.0

49

4

22

s

3.95

a

ERI

1

37

42.9

57

14

12

s

0.46

T

CET

1

44

4.0

15

56

15

s

3.50

£

CET

1

51

27.5

10

20

6

s

3.73

y

ARI

1

53

31.8

19

17

37

N

4.75

e

CAS

1

54

23.6

63

40

13

N

3.38

P

ARI

1

54

38.3

20

48

29

N

2.64

X

ERI

1

55

57.4

51

36

32

S

3.70

a

HYI

1

58

46.2

61

34

12

s

2.86

V

CET

2

0

0.2

21

4

40

s

4.00

a

ARI

2

7

10.3

23

27

45

N

2.00

<t>

ERI

2

16

30.6

51

30

44

s

3.56

o

CET

2

19

20.7

2

58

39

s

3.04

8

HYI

2

21

45.1

68

39

34

s

4.09

K

ERI

2

26

59.1

47

42

14

s

4.25

CET

2

28

9.5

8

27

36

N

4.28

a

UMI

2

31

50.5

89

15

51

N

2.02

8

CET

2

39

28.9

0

19

43

N

4.07

36

e HYI

2

39

35.5

68

16

1

S

4.11

t ERI

2

40

40.0

39

51

19

S

4.11

7 CET

2

43

18.0

3

14

9

N

3.47

n CET

2

44

7.3

13

51

32

s

4.25

P CET

2

44

56.5

10

6

51

N

4.27

41 ARI

2

49

59.0

27

15

38

N

3.63

r] PER

2

50

41.8

55

53

44

N

3.76

d ERI

2

58

15.6

40

18

17

s

3.42

7T PER

2

58

45.6

39

39

46

N

4.70

e ARI

2

59

12.6

21

20

25

N

4.63

A CET

2

59

42.8

8

54

27

N

4.70

a CET

3

2

16.7

4

5

23

N

2.53

7 PER

3

4

47.7

53

30

23

N

2.93

p PER

3

5

10.5

38

50

25

N

3.39

j8 PER

3

8

10.1

40

57

21

N

2.12

8 ARI

3

11

37.7

19

43

36

N

4.35

r ERI

3

19

30.9

21

45

28

S

3.69

a PER

3

24

19.3

49

51

41

N

1.79

8 PER

3

42

55.4

47

47

15

N

3.01

o PER

3

44

19.1

32

17

18

N

3.83

7 HYI

3

47

14.5

74

14

21

S

3.24

7j TAU

3

47

29.0

24

6

18

N

2.87

£ PER

3

54

7.9

31

53

1

N

2.85

e PER

3

57

51.2

40

0

37

N

2.89

A TAU

4

0

40.8

12

29

25

N

3.47

A PER

4

6

35.0

50

21

5

N

4.29

48 PER

4

8

39.6

47

42

45

N

4.04

p PER

4

14

53.8

48

24

34

N

4.14

7 TAU

4

19

47.5

15

37

39

N

3.65

6 TAU

4

22

56.0

17

32

33

N

3.76

e TAU

4

28

36.9

19

10

49

N

3.53

v ERI

4

35

33.0

30

33

45

S

3.82

a TAU

4

35

55.2

16

30

33

N

0.85

t AUR

4

56

59.6

33

9

58

N

2.69

e AUR

5

1

58.1

43

49

24

N

2.99

37

Name

h

m

s

O

w

Mag

r 7 AUR

5

6

30.8

41

14

4

N

3.17

(5 ORI

5

14

32.2

8

12

6

s

0.12

a AUR

5

16

41.3

45

59

53

N

0.08

7 ORI

5

25

7.8

6

20

59

N

1.64

/5 TAU

5

26

17.5

28

36

27

N

1.65

<5 ORI

5

32

0.3

0

17

57

S

2.23

A ORI

5

35

8.2

9

56

3

N

3.66

t ORI

5

35

25.9

5

54

36

s

2.77

e ORI

5

36

12.7

1

12

7

s

1.70

£ TAU

5

37

38.6

21

8

33

N

3.00

a ORI

5

38

44.7

2

36

0

s

3.81

t ORI

5

40

45.5

1

56

34

s

2.05

K ORI

5

47

45.3

9

40

11

s

2.06

a ORI

5

55

10.3

7

24

25

N

0.50

15 AUR

5

59

31.7

44

56

51

N

1.90

6 AUR

5

59

43.2

37

12

45

N

2.62

rj GEM

6

14

52.6

22

30

24

N

3.28

C CMA

6

20

18.7

30

3

48

S

3.02

/ 3 CMA

6

22

41.9

17

57

22

s

1.98

M GEM

6

22

57.6

22

30

49

N

2.88

a CAR

6

23

57.2

52

41

44

S

-0.72

7 GEM

6

37

42.7

16

23

57

N

1.93

e GEM

6

43

55.9

25

7

52

N

2.98

a CMA

6

45

8.9

16

42

58

S

-1.46

f GEM

6

45

17.3

12

53

44

N

3.36

e CMA

6

58

37.5

28

58

20

s

1.50

7 CMA

7

3

45.4

15

38

0

s

4.12

( GEM

7

4

6.5

20

34

13

N

3.79

8 CMA

7

8

23.4

26

23

35

s

1.84

8 GEM

7

20

7.3

21

58

56

N

3.53

rj CMA

7

24

5.6

29

18

11

S

2.45

15 CMI

7

27

9.0

8

17

21

N

2.90

a GEM

7

34

35.9

31

53

18

N

1.58

a CMI

7

39

18.1

5

13

30

N

0.38

15 GEM

7

45

18.9

28

1

34

N

1.14

38

7 VEL

8

9

31.9

47

20

12

S

1.78

e CAR

8

22

30.8

59

30

34

S

1.86

8 HYA

8

37

39.3

5

42

13

N

4.16

r; HYA

8

43

13.4

3

23

55

N

4.30

8 VEL

8

44

42.2

54

42

30

S

1.96

e HYA

8

46

46.5

6

25

8

N

3.38

£ HYA

8

55

23.6

5

56

44

N

3.11

A VEL

9

7

59.7

43

25

57

S

2.21

p CAR

9

13

12.1

69

43

2

S

1.68

6 HYA

9

14

21.8

2

18

51

N

3.88

i CAR

9

17

5.4

59

16

31

S

2.25

k VEL

9

22

6.8

55

0

38

S

2.50

a HYA

9

27

35.2

8

39

31

s

1.98

ih VEL

9

30

41.9

40

28

0

s

3.60

t HYA

9

39

51.3

1

8

34

s

3.91

e LEO

9

45

51.0

23

46

27

N

2.98

v CAR

9

47

6.1

65

4

18

s

2.96

v HYA

9

51

28.6

14

50

48

s

4.12

H LEO

9

52

45.8

26

0

25

N

3.88

4> VEL

9

56

51.7

54

34

4

s

3.54

17 LEO

10

7

19.9

16

45

45

N

3.52

a LEO

10

8

22.3

11

58

2

N

1.35

A HYA

10

10

35.2

12

21

15

S

3.61

(xj CAR

10

13

44.3

70

2

16

s

3.32

l LEO

10

16

41.3

23

25

2

N

3.44

7 LEO

10

19

58.3

19

50

30

N

2.61

V HYA

10

26

5.4

16

50

11

S

3.81

6 CAR

10

42

57.4

64

23

40

s

2.76

M VEL

10

46

46.1

49

25

12

s

2.69

v HYA

10

49

37.4

16

11

37

s

3.11

p LIMA

11

1

50.4

56

22

56

N

2.37

a UMA

11

3

43.6

61

45

3

N

1.79

8 LEO

11

14

6.4

20

31

25

N

2.56

6 LEO

11

14

14.3

15

25

46

N

3.34

f HYA

11

33

0.1

31

51

27

S

3.54

39

Name

h

m

5

O

n

Mag

p

LEO

11

49

3.5

14

34

19

N

2.14

p

VIR

11

50

41.6

1

45

53

N

3.61

p

HYA

11

52

54.5

33

54

28

S

4.28

7

UMA

11

53

49.8

53

41

41

N

2.44

SAO 119234 12

8

0.5

0

37

16

N

7.10

<5

CEN

12

8

21.5

50

43

20

S

2.60

<5

CRU

12

15

8.6

58

44

56

S

2.80

8

UMA

12

15

25.5

57

1

57

N

3.31

V

VIG

12

19

54.3

0

40

0

S

3.89

O'

CRU

12

26

35.9

63

5

56

s

1.58

7

CRU

12

31

9.9

57

6

47

s

1.63

7

CEN

12

41

30.9

48

57

34

s

2.17

7

VIR

12

41

39.5

1

26

58

s

2.75

p

CRU

12

47

43.3

59

41

19

s

1.25

6

UMA

12

54

1.7

55

57

35

N

1.77

8

VIR

12

55

36.1

3

23

51

N

3.38

e

VIR

13

2

10.5

10

57

33

N

2.83

7

HYA

13

18

55.2

23

10

18

S

3.00

L

CEN

13

20

35.7

36

42

44

S

2.75

£

UMA

13

23

55.5

54

55

31

N

2.27

O

VIR

13

25

11.5

11

9

41

S

0.98

80 UMA

13

25

13.4

54

59

17

N

4.01

£

VIR

13

34

41.5

0

35

46

S

3.37

e

CEN

13

39

53.2

53

27

59

S

2.30

r

BOO

13

47

15.7

17

27

24

N

4.50

V

UMA

13

47

32.3

49

18

48

N

1.86

V

BOO

13

49

28.5

15

47

52

N

4.07

V

CEN

13

49

30.2

41

41

16

S

3.41

M

CEN

13

49

36.9

42

28

26

s

3.04

V

BOO

13

54

41.0

18

23

52

N

2.68

CEN

13

55

32.3

47

17

18

S

2.55

p

CEN

14

3

49.4

60

22

22

s

0.61

7 r

HYA

14

6

22.2

26

40

56

s

3.27

CEN

14

6

40.8

36

22

12

s

2.06

o

BOO

14

15

39.6

19

10

57

N

-0.04

40

5 OCT

14

26

54.8

83

40

4

S

4.32

p BOO

14

31

49.7

30

22

17

N

3.58

y BOO

14

32

4.6

38

18

29

N

3.03

77 CEN

14

35

30.3

42

9

28

S

2.31

a CEN

14

39

36.2

60

50

7

s

-0.01

t r BOO

14

40

43.5

16

25

6

N

4.94

£ BOO

14

41

8.8

13

43

42

N

4.43

e BOO

14

44

59.1

27

4

27

N

2.70

(3 UMI

14

50

42.2

74

9

20

N

2.08

a LIB

14

50

52.6

16

2

31

S

2.75

k CEN

14

59

9.6

42

6

15

s

3.13

p BOO

15

1

56.6

40

23

26

N

3.50

o LIB

15

4

4.1

25

16

55

S

3.29

<5 BOO

15

15

30.1

33

18

53

N

3.47

p LIB

15

17

0.3

9

22

59

S

2.61

7 TRA

15

18

54.6

68

40

46

s

2.89

7 UMI

15

20

43.6

71

50

2

N

3.05

7 LIB

15

35

31.5

14

47

22

s

3.91

£ UMI

15

44

3.3

77

47

40

N

4.32

P TRA

15

55

8.4

63

25

50

S

2.85

77 " SCO

15

58

51.0

26

6

51

s

2.89

8 SCO

16

0

19.9

22

37

18

s

2.32

p SCO

16

5

26.1

19

48

19

s

2.62

k HER

16

8

4.4

17

2

49

N

5.00

0 HER

16

8

46.1

44

56

6

N

4.26

t? UMI

16

17

30.2

75

45

19

N

4.95

r HER

16

19

44.3

46

18

48

N

3.89

a SCO

16

21

11.2

25

35

34

S

2.89

7 HER

16

21

55.1

19

9

11

N

3.75

a SCO

16

29

24.4

26

25

55

S

0.96

P HER

16

30

13.1

21

29

22

N

2.77

t- SCO

16

35

52.9

28

12

58

S

2.82

£ HER

16

41

17.1

31

36

10

N

2.81

rj HER

16

42

53.7

38

55

20

N

3.53

e UMI

16

45

57.8

82

2

14

N

4.23

41

Name

h

m

s

O

t

ft

Mag

a

TRA

16

48

39.9

69

1

40

S

1.92

e

SCO

16

50

9.7

34

17

36

s

2.29

t

SCO

16

54

34.9

42

21

41

s

3.62

e

HER

17

0

17.3

30

55

35

N

3.92

V

SCO

17

12

9.1

43

14

21

s

3.33

a

HER

17

14

38.8

14

23

25

N

3.48

8

HER

17

15

1.8

24

50

21

N

3.14

7T

HER

17

15

2.7

36

48

33

N

3.16

V

SCO

17

30

45.7

37

17

45

S

2.69

8

UMI

17

32

12.5

86

35

11

N

4.36

K

SCO

17

33

36.4

37

6

13

S

1.63

6

SCO

17

37

19.0

42

59

52

S

1.87

L

HER

17

39

27.8

46

0

23

N

3.80

K

SCO

17

42

29.1

39

1

48

S

2.41

M

HER

17

46

27.5

27

43

15

N

3.42

L

SCO

17

47

35.0

40

7

37

S

3.03

d

HER

17

56

15.1

37

15

2

N

3.86

{

HER

17

57

45.8

29

14

52

N

3.70

y

SGR

18

5

48.4

30

25

27

S

2.99

V

SGR

18

17

37.5

36

45

42

S

3.11

8

SGR

18

20

59.6

29

49

41

s

2.70

e

SGR

18

24

10.3

34

23

5

s

1.85

A

SGR

18

27

58.1

25

25

18

s

2.81

a

LYR

18

36

56.2

38

47

1

N

0.03

L

LYR

18

44

46.3

37

36

18

N

4.36

Ct>

SGR

18

45

39.3

26

59

27

s

3.17

p

LYR

18

50

4.7

33

21

46

N

3.45

8

LYR

18

54

30.1

36

53

56

N

4.30

o

SGR

18

55

15.8

26

17

48

S

2.02

L

SGR

18

57

43.7

21

6

24

s

3.51

y

LYR

18

58

56.5

32

41

22

N

3.24

e

AQL

18

59

37.3

15

4

6

N

4.02

5

SGR

19

2

36.6

29

52

49

S

2.60

0

SGR

19

4

40.9

21

44

30

s

3.77

i

AQL

19

5

24.5

13

51

48

N

2.99

42

k

AQL

19

6

14.8

4

52

57

S

3.44

T

SGR

19

6

56.3

27

40

14

S

3.32

7 r

SGR

19

9

45.7

21

1

25

S

2.89

P

SGR

19

22

38.2

44

27

32

S

4.01

a

SGR

19

23

53.0

40

36

58

S

3.97

5~

AQL

19

25

29.8

3

6

53

N

3.36

L

CYG

19

29

42.2

51

43

47

N

3.79

P

CYG

19

30

43.2

27

57

35

N

3.08

d

CYG

19

44

58.4

45

7

51

N

2.87

7

AQL

19

46

15.5

10

36

48

N

2.72

a

AQL

19

50

46.9

8

52

6

N

0.77

V

AQL

19

52

28.3

1

0

20

N

3.90

i

SGR

19

55

15.5

41

52

6

S

4.13

P

AQL

19

55

18.7

6

24

24

N

3.71

T)_

CYG

19

56

18.3

35

5

0

N

3.89

e

SGR

19

59

44.1

35

16

35

S

4.37

0

AQL

20

11

18.2

0

49

17

S

3.23

y

CYG

20

22

13.6

40

15

24

N

2.20

a

IND

20

37

34.0

47

17

29

S

3.11

a

CYG

20

41

25.8

45

16

49

N

1.25

e

CYG

20

46

12.6

33

58

13

N

2.46

e

AQR

20

47

40.5

9

29

45

S

3.77

P

IND

20

54

48.5

58

27

15

S

3.65

£

CYG

21

12

56.1

30

13

37

N

3.20

a

CEP

21

18

34.7

62

35

8

N

2.44

d~

IND

21

19

51.9

53

26

59

S

4.39

P

CEP

21

28

39.5

70

33

39

N

3.23

P

AQR

21

31

33.4

5

34

16

S

2.91

V

OCT

21

41

28.6

77

23

24

S

3.76

e

PEG

21

44

11.1

9

52

30

N

2.39

K

PEG

21

44

38.6

25

38

42

N

4.13

L

PSA

21

44

56.7

33

1

33

S

4.34

e

PSA

21

47

44.1

30

53

54

s

5.01

y

GRU

21

53

55.6

37

21

54

s

3.01

5

IND

21

57

55.0

54

59

34

s

4.40

43

Name

h

m

s

0

/

Mag

a

AQR

22

5

46.9

0

19

ii

S

2.96

L

AQR

22

6

26.1

13

52

ii

S

4.27

L

PEG

22

7

0.6

25

20

42

N

3.76

a

GRU

22

8

13.9

46

57

40

S

1.74

7 r

PEG

22

9

59.2

33

10

42

N

4.29

0

PEG

22

10

11.9

6

11

52

N

3.53

£

CEP

22

10

51.2

58

12

5

N

3.35

0

AQR

22

16

49.9

7

47

0

S

4.16

7

AQR

22

21

39.3

1

23

14

S

3.84

6

GRU

22

29

16.1

43

29

45

s

3.97

P

PSA

22

31

30.3

32

20

46

s

4.29

V

AQR

22

35

21.3

0

7

3

s

4.02

e

PSA

22

40

39.3

27

2

37

s

4.17

t

PEG

22

41

27.6

10

49

53

N

3.40

P_

GRU

22

42

40.0

46

53

5

s

2.10

V

PEG

22

43

0.1

30

13

17

N

2.94

P

OCT

22

46

3.3

81

22

54

S

4.15

A

PEG

22

46

31.8

23

33

56

N

3.95

e

GRU

22

48

33.2

51

19

1

S

3.49

L

CEP

22

49

40.7

66

12

2

N

3.52

A

AQR

22

52

36.8

7

34

47

S

3.74

8

AQR

22

54

38.9

15

49

15

S

3.27

8

PSA

22

55

56.8

32

32

23

s

4.21

a

PSA

22

57

39.0

29

37

20

s

1.16

P_

PEG

23

3

46.4

28

4

58

N

2.42

a

PEG

23

4

45.6

15

12

19

N

2.49

i

GRU

23

10

21.5

45

14

48

S

3.90

4>

AQR

23

14

19.3

6

2

56

s

4.22

L

PHE

23

35

4.5

42

36

55

s

4.71

7

CEP

23

39

20.8

77

37

57

N

3.21

7T

PHE

23

58

55.7

52

44

45

s

5.13

44

III. Atlas Extension (2000.0) Appendix F

Name

h m

O *

Mag

Description

Ml

5 34.5

22 1 N

11.3

Crab Nebula

M2

21 33.5

0 49 S

6.3

Globular cluster

M3

13 42.2

28 23 N

6.2

Globular cluster

M4

16 23.6

26 31 S

6.1

Globular cluster

M5

15 18.5

2 5 N

6.0

Globular cluster

M6

17 40.0

32 12 S

6.0

Open cluster

M7

17 54.0

34 49 S

5.0

Open cluster

M8

18 3.7

24 23 S

Lagoon Nebula

M9

17 19.2

18 31 S

7.6

Globular cluster

M10

16 57.2

4 6 S

6.4

Globular cluster

Mil

18 51.1

6 16 S

7.0

Open cluster

M12

16 47.2

1 57 S

6.7

Globular cluster

M13

16 41.7

36 28 N

5.8

Globular cluster

M14

17 37.6

3 15 S

7.8

Globular cluster

M15

21 30.0

12 10 N

6.3

Globular cluster

M16

18 18.9

13 47 S

7.0

Open cluster

M17

18 20.8

16 10 S

7.0

Omega Nebula

M18

18 19.9

17 8 S

7.0

Open cluster

M19

17 2.6

26 16 S

6.9

Globular cluster

M20

18 2.4

23 2 S

Trifid Nebula

M21

18 4.7

22 30 S

7.0

Open cluster

M22

18 36.4

23 54 S

5.2

Globular cluster

M23

17 56.9

19 1 S

6.0

Open cluster

M24

18 18.4

18 25 S

6.0

Open cluster

M25

18 31.7

19 14 S

6.0

Open cluster

M26

18 45.2

9 24 S

9.0

Open cluster

M27

19 59.6

22 43 N

8.2

Dumbbell Nebula

M28

18 24.6

24 52 S

7.1

Globular cluster

M29

20 24.0

38 31 N

8.0

Open cluster

M30

21 40.4

23 11 S

7.6

Globular cluster

M31

0 42.7

41 16 N

3.7

Andromeda Galaxy

M32

0 42.7

40 52 N

8.5

Elliptical galaxy

M33

1 33.8

30 39 N

5.9

Spiral galaxy

M34

2 42.0

42 47 N

6.0

Open cluster

M35

6 8.8

24 20 N

6.0

Open cluster

45

Name

h m

O '

Mag

Description

M36

5 36.3

34 8 N

6.0

Open cluster

M37

5 53.0

32 33 N

6.0

Open cluster

M38

5 28.7

35 50 N

6.0

Open cluster

M39

21 32.3

48 26 N

6.0

Open cluster

M40

12 22.2

58 5 N

9.0

Double star

M41

6 47.0

20 44 S

6.0

Open cluster

M42

5 35.3

5 23 S

Orion Nebula

M43

5 35.5

5 16 S

Orion Nebula

M44

8 40.0

20 0 N

4.0

Praesepe

M45

3 47.5

24 7 N

2.0

Pleiades

M46

7 41.8

14 49 S

7.0

Open cluster

M47

7 36.6

14 29 S

5.0

Open cluster

M48

8 13.8

5 48 S

6.0

Open cluster

M49

12 29.8

8 0 N

8.9

Elliptical galaxy

M50

7 3.0

8 21 S

7.0

Open cluster

M51

13 29.9

47 12 N

8.4

Whirlpool Galaxy

M52

23 24.2

61 36 N

7.0

Open cluster

M53

13 12.9

18 10 N

7.7

Globular cluster

M54

18 55.1

30 28 S

7.7

Globular cluster

M55

19 40.0

30 57 S

6.1

Globular cluster

M56

19 16.6

30 11 N

8.3

Globular cluster

M57

18 53.6

33 2 N

9.0

Ring Nebula

M58

12 37.7

11 49 N

9.9

Spiral galaxy

M59

12 42.0

11 39 N

10.3

Elliptical galaxy

M60

12 43.7

11 33 N

9.3

Elliptical galaxy

M61

12 21.9

4 28 N

9.7

Spiral galaxy

M62

17 1.2

30 7 S

7.2

Globular cluster

M63

13 15.8

42 2 N

8.8

Spiral galaxy

M64

12 56.7

21 41 N

8.7

Spiral galaxy

M65

11 18.9

13 6 N

9.6

Spiral galaxy

M66

11 20.3

13 0 N

9.2

Spiral galaxy

M67

8 51.3

11 48 N

7.0

Open cluster

M68

12 39.5

26 45 S

8.0

Globular cluster

M69

18 31.4

32 21 S

7.7

Globular cluster

M70

18 43.2

32 17 S

8.2

Globular cluster

46

M71

19 53.7

18 47 N

6.9

Globular cluster

M72

20 53.5

12 32 S

9.2

Globular cluster

M73

20 59.0

12 38 S

Open cluster

M74

1 36.7

15 47 N

9.5

Spiral galaxy

M75

20 6.1

21 55 S

8.3

Globular cluster

M76

1 42.2

51 34 N

11.4

Planetary nebula

M77

2 42.7

0 1 S

9.1

Spiral galaxy

M78

5 46.7

0 4 N

Emission nebula

M79

5 24.2

24 31 S

7.3

Globular cluster

M80

16 17.0

22 59 S

7.2

Globular cluster

M81

9 55.8

69 4 N

6.9

Spiral galaxy

M82

9 56.2

69 42 N

8.7

Irregular galaxy

M83

13 37.7

29 52 S

7.5

Spiral galaxy

M84

12 25.1

12 53 N

9.8

Eliptical galaxy

M85

12 25.4

18 11 N

9.5

Spiral galaxy

M86

12 26.2

12 57 N

9.8

Elliptical galaxy

M87

12 30.8

12 23 N

9.3

Elliptical galaxy

M88

12 32.0

14 25 N

9.7

Spiral galaxy

M89

12 35.7

12 33 N

10.3

Elliptical galaxy

M90

12 36.8

13 10 N

9.7

Spiral galaxy

M91

12 35.4

14 30 N

9.5

Spiral galaxy

M92

17 17.1

43 8 N

6.3

Globular cluster

M93

7 44.6

23 53 S

6.0

Open cluster

M94

12 50.9

41 7 N

8.1

Spiral galaxy

M95

10 44.0

11 42 N

9.9

Barred spiral galaxy

M96

10 46.8

11 49 N

9.4

Spiral galaxy

M97

11 14.9

55 1 N

11.1

Owl Nebula

M98

12 13.8

14 54 N

10.4

Spiral galaxy

M99

12 18.8

14 25 N

9.9

Spiral galaxy

M100

12 22.9

15 49 N

9.6

Spiral galaxy

M101

14 3.5

54 21 N

8.1

Spiral galaxy

M103

1 33.1

60 42 N

7.0

Open cluster

M104

12 40.0

11 42 S

8.0

Sombrero Galaxy

Ml 05

10 47.9

12 43 N

9.5

Elliptical galaxy

Ml 06

12 19.0

47 18 N

9.0

Spiral galaxy

47

Name

h m

O t

Mag

Description

M107

16 32.5

13 3 S

9.0

Globular cluster

M108

11 11.6

55 40 N

10.5

Spiral galaxy

M109

11 57.7

53 22 N

10.6

Barred spiral galaxy

3C273

12 29.1

2 3 N

12.8

Quasar

Greek Alphabet

a Alpha
P Beta
y Gamma
6 Delta
€ Epsilon
f Zeta
r i Eta
0 Theta
/ Iota
k Kappa
A Lambda
p Mu
v/ Nu
f Xi

o Omicron
7 t Pi
p Rho
a Sigma
t Tau
u Upsilon
0 Phi
*Chi
0 Psi
(a) Omega

48

Saving & Printing the Display

Since The Observatory loads as much astronomy as
possible into the Apple’s 64K of memory, there is no
room left for DOS, the Disk Operating System. However,
the following five steps will allow you to save copies of
The Observatory’s display onto any floppy disk formatted
by either DOS 3.3 or ProDos.

1) When you have produced a scene which you would
like to save, remove The Observatory disk from the drive
and type:

CTRL Y

This will drop you into BASIC.

2) From the “]” cursor in BASIC type the following:

CALL - 151 RETURN

This will drop you into the MONITOR.

3) From the cursor in the MONITOR type the
following:

6000<2000.3FFFM RETURN

Don’t forget the “M” after “FFF”. This moves
High Resolution Page 0 (The Observatory’s
display), located in the range of memory from
$2000 to $3FFF, to a safe area of memory
located at address $6000.

4) Insert a copy of either a DOS 3.3 Master Disk or
ProDos into Drive 1 and, since you’re still in the
MONITOR, at the cursor type:

6 CTRL K RETURN

where the “6” stands for the slot number of
your disk controller card. The above command
is identical to entering “PR#6” if you were in
BASIC, i.e., it causes the disk drive to boot the
DOS disk.

5) After DOS finishes loading and you’re at the “]”

49

5) After DOS finishes loading and you’re at the “]”
cursor in BASIC, save The Observatory’s display onto an
appropriately formatted DOS disk by typing the
following:

BSAVE FILENAME, A$6000, L$2000 RETURN

As a consequence of all this activity, especially the
loading of DOS, large sections of The Observatory’s
computer code have been overwritten in memory. You
will have to re-boot The Observatory in order to get
back into the program.

There are several ways to get printed copies of The
Observatory’s display. Print cards such as PRINT-IT
from Texprint will, at the push of a button, interface
with many different dot-matrix printers. Alternatively
there is software which can handle the major models of
dot-matrix printers. For example, TRIPLE-DUMP from
Beagle Bros, can be used to manipulate and printout
images saved according to the above instructions. For
other hardware and software options, check with your
local computer dealer.

50

© ? 8 E

LIGHTSPEED Product Registration Card

Please take a few moments to complete and mail this postage-paid Product Registration
Card. Product support cannot be given on unregistered products.

Your Name Title

School (if applicable)

Address

City State Zip

Product Name

Purchased From

Purchase Date Computer Owned

Comments

NO POSTAGE
NECESSARY
IF MAILED
IN THE

UNITED STATES

BUSINESS REPLY MAIL

FIRST CLASS PERMIT NO. 3324 BERKELEY, CA

Postage Will Be Paid By Addressee

LIGHTSPEED SOFTWARE

2124 KITTREDGE STREET
SUITE 185

BERKELEY, CA 94704

The Observatory will show you:

Halley’s Comet, the moons of Jupiter, all the planets, the
Sun and the Moon;

The locations of hundreds of stars, their names, magnitudes,
and distances, plus galaxies, star clusters and nebulae;

A high-resolution map of the sky as seen from any place on
the earth and for any time in a span of 10,000 years, with
and without constellation lines;

A telescopic view of any region of the sky, telescope tracking
included;

Eclipses of the Sun, the phases of the Moon, transits of the
solar disk by Mercury and Venus;

And much more . . .

— • UGHTSPEED

2124 KITTREDGE STREET
SUITE 185

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA
94704

(415) 540-0671